The shocking images of the devastation in Japan on Friday 11th March spread quickly, with many world leaders quickly extending their condolences and assistance to the country. President Obama went so far as to say that he was personally “heartbroken” to see the destruction caused by the earthquake and subsequent 10 metre high tsunami.
As the death toll from the tragedy climbs, with some predictions estimating up to 10,000 casualties, the human cost from the most powerful earthquake Japan has experienced in recent times is almost incomprehensible. Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan was quoted as saying that this was Japan’s “worst crisis since the end of World War II.” When the staggering human cost is combined with the economic damage caused by the destruction, it is likely that his statement will not be too wide of the mark.
The effects of the damage were felt quickly in Japanese industry, with internationally recognised names such as Sony, Toyota, Nissan, and Honda all being forced to close their factories due to the damage. Indeed, the worst hit area of the country, Tohoku, has with a thriving industrial sector encompassing everything from car plants to breweries, and accounts for around 8% of the country’s GDP.
Markets were also adversely affected following the disaster, with indices such as the Nikkei slumping in value when they re-opened. The Nikkei 225 index suffered its largest drop in 2 years, with the government intervening to inject 15 trillion Yen ($182bn) to prop up the markets. But it is not just the immediate problems from the quake, which threaten the Japanese economy.
The enormous public debt of Japan, around three times that of the country’s GDP, is a serious worry for the economy. The negative outlook imposed by Moody’s rating service on 22nd February can only add to the worries of financial markets, as concerns over how the government will fund the rebuilding of the affected region no doubt spread. Moody’s may have actually helped to calm matters here, by pushing the absorptive capacity of the government and of private insurance as a safeguard against the sovereign rating of the nation.
To the world economy, the problems Japan now faces puts into question how this will affect the growth of world GDP. Japan is the world’s third biggest economy, and in 2010 provided 8.7% of world GDP, at $5.4tr. Analysts will now be attempting to see how damage done will alter the IMF prediction of 4.4% growth in world GDP this year, and the 4.5% predicted to occur in 2012.
Interestingly, the long-term nature of any significant damage to the Japanese economy is highly questionable. Leading analysts predict that although the disaster will obviously have negative growth implications in the short run, growth could have returned to positive levels within 12 months, as a Keynesian style reconstruction package boosts long term growth prospects in the region. Indeed it is possible that the rebuilding of the North Japan area could reignite growth in the region. However, distasteful it may seem to suggest this, it remains that there will be excellent investment opportunities from the reconstruction projects in the coming months. Implications for the IMF therefore point to potential damage to growth forecasts this year, possibly offset by renewed growth in 2012.
One of the most significant economic impacts from the earthquake comes in the form of the damage to the Hitachi owned Fukushima nuclear power plant, and the crisis this may create for the nuclear energy industry as a whole. Whilst at the time of writing a large leak from the reactor is deemed only a small possibility, how the situation progresses will no doubt have a great effect on current and future global demand for nuclear energy. All eyes will be on Japan over the coming weeks.